Some bird species face risks from humans of capture, targeted killing, or significant targeted disturbance. eBird data output is restricted to protect these "Sensitive Species" to allow important data to continue to come into eBird. Our goal at eBird is to connect a global network of birders with researchers and conservationists, freely providing high-quality information on bird sightings that can be used for science and actionable conservation. However, open-access data can be a risk for these birds that are targeted for exploitation.
While targeted killing and disturbance are risks for some species, the exploitation of wild birds for captive trade is the most significant risk for the majority of species. Despite many laws that protect wild birds and regulate international trade in threatened animals (see Birdlife International summary of bird trade and CITES), illegal trade remains a major threat to many species.
Bali Mynas are Critically Endangered due to illegal poaching, fewer than 1,000 adults of the species left in the wild.
Bill Bacon/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML106837731)
Quick Links
Reporting potentially sensitive records
Asian birds at risk from commercial trade
Owls sensitive to targeted disturbance
Species sensitive to targeted disturbance
Species sensitive to targeted hunting
Sensitive Species Display
With these dangers to wild birds in mind, Sensitive Species listings allow eBirders to submit specific location data for at-risk species in a way that supports science and conservation on sensitive species, without risk of causing harm to the birds.
Sensitive Species have a customized display in eBird, where they are:
Hidden from checklist views, except to observers on the checklist
Hidden from all site-level output (e.g., Hotspot Explorer, bar charts for hotspots)
Shown only at grid-cell level (400 km2 accuracy) on eBird species maps
Shown at region-level output (e.g., Region Explorer, Illustrated Checklists) with checklist details (date, location, observer, checklist link) omitted
Included in listing totals (e.g., Top 100), but never shown as "most recent addition"
Shown in Media Search with checklist details (date, location, observer, checklist link) omitted and only for regions larger than a hotspot
Specifically marked as Sensitive wherever the species name is displayed in output and location-level data has been removed, such as on the Region Explorer or Illustrated Checklist pages
Since these data can still be used by qualified scientists (including Endangered Species recovery teams), these records are still seen by our eBird reviewers, who must check identifications for accuracy.
This endangered Blakiston’s Fish Owl was a known individual photographed from a blind in a safe setting, but many owl sightings can attract undue disturbance through unethical behavior.
Ian Davies/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML26859651).
Sensitive Species Criteria
eBird is a collaborative project with hundreds of partners worldwide. We consult with local partners in order to develop our list of Sensitive Species. Sensitive Species in eBird conform to these guidelines:
Sensitive Species are formally recommended by a partner or published source, and rationale for the listing is stored at eBird.
Sensitive Species in eBird are those for which demonstrable harm could occur from public display of site-level records, including (but not limited to): 1) targeted capture for the cage bird trade; 2) targeted hunting; 3) targeted disturbance of nests, roosts, or individual birds from birdwatchers or photographers. Species that are rare but are not under pressure from targeted human exploitation or disturbance generally are not considered Sensitive.
In most, but not all, cases, a Sensitive Species has formal listing as an Endangered or Threatened species either on a local priority list or by the IUCN (http://www.iucnredlist.org/).
Sensitive Species are implemented primarily at the global scale, but regional and seasonal treatments are applied in some cases.
Painted Buntings are a regionally sensitive species in Florida between October and April.
David Hollie/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML26622721).
We ask eBirders observing any of the species marked as Sensitive to please review the species on our Sensitive Species List and to use discretion in sharing sightings via other public platforms (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, webpages, listservs, etc.). Revealing site-level records exposes the birds to risk from professional bird trappers, hunters, and/or pressure by birdwatchers and photographers and could cause significant harm to the conservation of these species. We recommend that you enjoy your good fortune privately, keep the specific location secret to help protect the species, and contribute the sighting to eBird where the bird will be protected from exploitation and your sighting will still help inform research and conservation for the species.
Reporting potentially sensitive records
Sensitive Species listings only apply to clear cases where public information about a species may place that species at risk. There are other cases where specific observations or individuals may be best to not report publicly on eBird either due to restricted site access concerns or because the bird may be harmed in some way, even if the species isn't sensitive as a whole. eBirders must take it upon themselves to understand the situation locally and to use their best judgment, as the status of a species may change from place to place. For example, Long-eared Owls are particularly vulnerable to human disturbance in their day roosts across the Northeastern US, but in much of the Western US and eastern Europe this is not an issue.
Here are a few ways to help protect sensitive records when reporting to eBird:
Wait until the season is over and the sensitive bird(s) have left before reporting the birds to eBird. You can go back and ‘edit’ your checklists later to include sensitive records after the birds have departed.
Do not provide explicit coordinates or directions to sensitive records. For instance, you may say that birds were seen at a state park, instead of listing the exact location therein.
Delay reporting observations for 8 days or more to keep these reports off of eBird Alerts.
Hide observations in eBird after you have submitted a checklist by selecting that option from the “Checklist Tools” dropdown menu. This keeps the species off the output (e.g., maps, bar charts etc.) but does not hide the fact that you went birding altogether (i.e., the date and location may show up on the Recent Checklists feed, but no one will be able to see the species you saw). Once the species is safe again, we always recommend 'unhiding' your checklist because all sightings on hidden eBird checklists cannot be used for scientific analysis or by fellow birders.
Northern Saw-Whet Owls are widespread and fairly common, but individuals in some areas can still be vulnerable to targeted disturbance. Sue Barth/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML80442631)
Be a conscientious birder
It’s up to each and every individual birder to ensure that they behave themselves in the field. The American Birding Association published a Birding Code of Ethics that should be followed by all birders (see below). eBird fully supports these recommendations and we are pleased that the great majority of birders follow this code. We encourage all birders to review these guidelines, and realize that they are established to help protect the birds we all love to watch! Moreover, take it upon yourself to understand the conservation concerns in your area, and be aware that your actions could impact birds negatively. Be smart, be aware, and always keep the bird’s best interests in mind.
Sensitive Species List
The below species are treated as Sensitive at a global level in eBird. Codes in brackets refer to IUCN Red List (v2016) codes of Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], or Extinct in the Wild [EW].
Orange-breasted Falcon by Gustavo Diniz Mendes de Carvalho/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML8066432).
Falcons
Certain falcon species (Falconidae) are rare and highly valued in falconry. These species are treated as Sensitive to protect them from the falconry trade.
- Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus
- Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus
- Saker Falcon Falco cherrug [EN]
Orange-bellied Parrot by Chris Wiley/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML37795421)
Parrots and Parakeets
There is a large and active trade in parrots and parakeets (Psittaciformes) around the world. While some species are bred in captivity, capture of wild birds has drastically reduced many populations and driven several species to extinction in the wild (Olah et al. 2016).
Most species are treated as Sensitive in their native range only, since some introduced populations are worth displaying openly and may represent important populations for conservation with wild birds so close to extinction. Species that are treated as Globally Sensitive (not just in their native range) include: Olive-shouldered Parrot Aprosmictus jonquillaceus, Derbyan Parakeet Psittacula derbiana, Great-billed Parrot Tanygnathus megalorynchos, Glaucous Macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus, Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis, and Great Green Macaw Ara ambiguus. Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis is an Australian species that is not particularly prized for trade, but extremely rare and poorly known and subject to disturbance. The following species and subspecies groups are protected as Sensitive in eBird:
Tanimbar Corella Cacatua goffiniana
Philippine Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia [CR]
Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea [CR]
Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis
White Cockatoo Cacatua alba [EN]
Moluccan King-Parrot Alisterus amboinensis
Olive-shouldered Parrot Aprosmictus jonquillaceus
Buru Racquet-tail Prioniturus mada
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail Prioniturus platurus
Blue-winged Racquet-tail Prioniturus verticalis [CR]
Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail Prioniturus flavicans
Green Racquet-tail Prioniturus luconensis [EN]
Derbyan Parakeet Psittacula derbiana
Black-lored Parrot Tanygnathus gramineus
Great-billed Parrot Tanygnathus megalorynchos
Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis
Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis [EN]
Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster [CR]
Ouvea Parakeet Eunymphicus uvaeensis [EN]
Double-eyed Fig-Parrot (Coxen's) Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni [CR]
Blue-fronted Lorikeet Charmosyna toxopei [CR]
Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus
Purple-naped Lory Lorius domicella [EN]
Iris Lorikeet Psitteuteles iris
Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio [EN]
Violet-necked Lory Eos squamata
Red Lory Eos bornea
Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata
Blue-eared Lory Eos semilarvata
Rainbow Lorikeet (Sunset) Trichoglossus haematodus [forsteni Group]
Rainbow Lorikeet (Marigold) Trichoglossus haematodus [capistratus Group]
Rainbow Lorikeet (Biak) Trichoglossus haematodus rosenbergii
Rainbow Lorikeet (Leaf) Trichoglossus haematodus weberi
Mindanao Lorikeet Trichoglossus johnstoniae
Camiguin Hanging-Parrot Loriculus camiguinensis
Yellow-throated Hanging-Parrot Loriculus pusillus
Wallace's Hanging-Parrot Loriculus flosculus [EN]
Puerto Rican Parrot Amazona vittata [CR]
Glaucous Macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus [CR]
Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis [EN]
Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii [CR]
Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis [CR]
Great Green Macaw Ara ambiguus [EN]
Red-fronted Macaw Ara rubrogenys [EN]
Javan Banded-Pitta by Bill Bacon/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML106924361)
Asian birds at risk from commercial trade
The commercial trade in wild birds in parts of Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia) is a major conservation concern (Lee et al. 2016 & Root et al. 2016). Accordingly, the following species and subspecies groups that are considered Critically Endangered or Endangered by the IUCN, have small or restricted populations, or are known to be severely declining from bird trade are treated as Sensitive:
Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi [CR]
Silvery Wood-Pigeon Columba argentina [CR]
Wetar Ground-Dove Alopecoenas hoedtii [EN]
Western Crowned-Pigeon Goura cristata
Flores Scops-Owl Otus alfredi [EN]
Javan Scops-Owl Otus angelinae
Rinjani Scops-Owl Otus jolandae
Philippine Eagle-Owl Bubo philippensis
Javan Owlet Glaucidium castanopterum
Dulit Frogmouth Batrachostomus harterti
Writhe-billed Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni [CR]
Javan Kingfisher Halcyon cyanoventris
Javan Banded-Pitta Hydrornis guajanus
Gurney's Pitta Hydrornis gurneyi [EN]
Fawn-breasted Whistler Pachycephala orpheus
Pied Shrike-Babbler Pteruthius flaviscapis
Trilling Shrike-Babbler Pteruthius aenobarbus
Sumatran Drongo Dicrurus sumatranus
Wallacean Drongo Dicrurus densus
Cerulean Paradise-Flycatcher Eutrichomyias rowleyi [CR]
Javan Green-Magpie Cissa thalassina [CR]
Bornean Green-Magpie Cissa jefferyi
Sumatran Treepie Dendrocitta occipitalis
Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus [EN]
Spot-necked Bulbul Pycnonotus tympanistrigus
Ruby-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus dispar
Orange-spotted Bulbul Pycnonotus bimaculatus
Orange-spotted Bulbul (Aceh) Pycnonotus bimaculatus snouckaerti
Orange-spotted Bulbul (Orange-spotted) Pycnonotus bimaculatus bimaculatus/tenggerensis
Gray-cheeked Bulbul Alophoixus bres
Gray-cheeked Bulbul (Gray-cheeked) Alophoixus bres tephrogenys/gutturalis
Gray-cheeked Bulbul (Brown-cheeked) Alophoixus bres bres/balicus
Sangihe Golden-Bulbul Alophoixus platenae [CR]
Javan Gray-throated White-eye Lophozosterops javanicus
Javan White-eye Zosterops flavus
Sunda Laughingthrush Garrulax palliatus
Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush Garrulax rufifrons [CR]
Sumatran Laughingthrush Garrulax bicolor [EN]
Chestnut-eared Laughingthrush Ianthocincla konkakinhensis
Biet's Laughingthrush Ianthocincla bieti
White-cheeked Laughingthrush Ianthocincla vassali
Blue-crowned Laughingthrush Ianthocincla courtoisi [CR]
Buffy Laughingthrush Ianthocincla berthemyi
Golden-winged Laughingthrush Trochalopteron ngoclinhense
Collared Laughingthrush Trochalopteron yersini [EN]
Silver-eared Mesia (Sumatran) Leiothrix argentauris laurinae/rookmakeri [EN]
Gray-crowned Crocias Crocias langbianis [EN]
Spotted Crocias Crocias albonotatus
Gray-faced Liocichla Liocichla omeiensis
Javan Whistling-Thrush Myophonus glaucinus
Sunda Forktail Enicurus velatus
Sunda Robin Myiomela diana
Sunda Robin (Sumatran) Myiomela diana sumatrana
Sunda Robin (Javan) Myiomela diana diana
Buru Thrush Geokichla dumasi
Seram Thrush Geokichla joiceyi
Chestnut-capped Thrush Geokichla interpres
Enggano Thrush Geokichla leucolaema
Chestnut-backed Thrush Geokichla dohertyi
Slaty-backed Thrush Geokichla schistacea
Sumatran Cochoa Cochoa beccarii
Javan Cochoa Cochoa azurea
Finch-billed Myna Scissirostrum dubium
Enggano Myna Gracula enganensis
Nias Myna Gracula robusta [CR]
Asian Pied Starling (Javan) Gracupica contra jalla [CR]
Bali Myna Leucopsar rothschildi [CR]
Black-winged Starling Acridotheres melanopterus [CR]
Black-winged Starling (Black-winged) Acridotheres melanopterus melanopterus
Black-winged Starling (Gray-backed) Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor
Black-winged Starling (Gray-rumped) Acridotheres melanopterus tertius
Pale-bellied Myna Acridotheres cinereus
Greater Green Leafbird Chloropsis sonnerati
Sumatran Leafbird Chloropsis media
Blue-masked Leafbird Chloropsis venusta
White-flanked Sunbird Aethopyga eximia
Yellow Weaver Ploceus megarhynchus
Green Avadavat Sporaeginthus formosus
Zebra Finch (Lesser Sundas) Taeniopygia guttata guttata
Pin-tailed Parrotfinch Erythrura prasina
Tricolored Parrotfinch Erythrura tricolor
Mount Mutis Parrotfinch (undescribed form) Erythrura [undescribed form]
Timor Sparrow Lonchura fuscata
Owls sensitive to targeted disturbance
Owls are particularly sensitive to disturbance. Disturbance at their day roosts or use of playback can repeatedly disturb individuals, pairs, or small populations. Large crowds surrounding and following certain owls in winter (sometimes engaging in unethical baiting practices) disrupts natural hunting and exposes owls to great risk from vehicle collisions or habituation to humans. We encourage ethical behavior around all owls and currently treat these species as Sensitive because of known issues with publicizing specific locations:
Blakiston's Fish-Owl Ketupa blakistoni [EN]
Brown Fish-Owl (Turkish) Ketupa zeylonensis semenowi
Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula
Northern Hawk Owl (American) Surnia ulula caparoch
Northern Hawk Owl (Eurasian) Surnia ulula ulula/tianschanica
Desert Owl Strix hadorami
Omani Owl Strix butleri
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis
Spotted Owl (Northern) Strix occidentalis caurina
Spotted Owl (California) Strix occidentalis occidentalis
Spotted Owl (Mexican) Strix occidentalis lucida
Ural Owl Strix uralensis
Pere David's Owl Strix davidi
Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa
Great Gray Owl (American) Strix nebulosa nebulosa
Great Gray Owl (Lapland) Strix nebulosa lapponica
Lesser Prairie-Chicken by Alex Eberts/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML132032671)
Species sensitive to targeted disturbance
Certain species with small populations or habitats that cannot tolerate significant targeted disturbance are treated as Sensitive.
Gunnison Sage-Grouse Centrocercus minimus [EN]
Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
Blue-eyed Ground-Dove Columbina cyanopis [CR]
Chilean Woodstar Eulidia yarrellii [CR]
Puaiohi Myadestes palmeri [CR]
South American landbirds
Certain regions of South America have active bird trade and this has led to severe declines in certain species. The following species that are considered Critically Endangered or Endangered by the IUCN, have small or restricted populations, or are known to be severely declining from bird trade are also treated as Sensitive. The one hybrid here is included since sightings could be used to locate breeding areas of Yellow Cardinal:
Great-billed Seed-Finch Sporophila maximiliani
Large-billed Seed-Finch Sporophila crassirostris
Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata [EN]
Common Diuca-Finch x Yellow Cardinal (hybrid) Diuca diuca x Gubernatrix cristata
Yellow-faced Siskin Spinus yarrellii
Red Siskin Spinus cucullatus [EN]
Great Indian Bustard by Saurabh Sawant/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML21158401)
Species sensitive to targeted hunting
Some species are under particular pressure from hunting, either for food or for use of the bird's body parts (e.g., Helmeted Hornbill), and hunters may specifically target individuals or concentrations of birds. These species are treated as Sensitive in eBird because of targeted hunting:
Philippine Duck Anas luzonica
Hainan Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron katsumatae [EN]
Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps [CR]
Lesser Florican Sypheotides indicus [EN]
Helmeted Hornbill Buceros vigil [CR]
Extinct in the Wild species
Certain species, which are now Extinct in the Wild but persist in captivity, are protected as Sensitive Species to ensure that reintroduction efforts have the best chance at success. These species are as follows:
Alagoas Curassow Mitu mitu [EW]
Guam Kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamominus [EW]
Guam Rail Gallirallus owstoni [EW]
Hawaiian Crow Corvus hawaiiensis [EW]
Socorro Dove Zenaida graysoni [EW]
Egyptian Nightjar by Markus Craig/Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab (ML84722901)
Regionally Sensitive Species
In addition, a subset of species Sensitive in their native range or in subsets of their range are also included. For some of these (e.g., Java Sparrow) the species is Sensitive throughout all of its native range, but has introduced populations in certain places (e.g., Hawaii) where site-level records are still displayed. The majority of the below species are parrots or are species at risk in Indonesia or other Southeast Asian countries due to capture for the bird trade, but all taxa fit into the above categories.
NOTE: The codes following the species scientific name are country codes; the ones shown in this list include AD (Andorra), AL (Albania), AR (Argentina), AT (Austria), AZ (Azerbaijan), BG (Bulgaria), CA (Canada), CH (Switzerland), CN (China), CO (Colombia), DZ (Algeria), ES (Spain), FR (France), GE (Georgia), GI (Gibraltar), GR (Greece), HR (Croatia), HU (Hungary), ID (Indonesia), IL (Israel), IR (Iran), IM (Isle of Man), IN (India), IT (Italy), LA (Laos), LY (Libya), MA (Morocco), MC (Monaco), ME (Montenegro), MY (Malaysia), MM (Myanmar), PS (Palestinian Territory), PT (Portugal), RO (Romania), RS (Serbia), RU (Russia), SI (Slovenia), TH (Thailand), TN (Tunesia), TR (Turkey), TL (Timor Leste), TW (Taiwan), US (United States), VN (Vietnam), XK (Kosovo).
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri -- TW
Greater Scaup Aythya marila -- GB-SCT
Common Scoter Melanitta nigra -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula -- GB-ENG (1 Apr - 31 July)
Blue-breasted Quail Synoicus chinensis -- TW
Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus -- GB, ES, IT
Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix -- GB, IT
Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus -- CA
Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta -- ES
Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus -- British Columbia, Canada and Wisconsin, US
Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Sclater's Crowned-Pigeon Goura sclaterii -- ID
Scheepmaker's Crowned-Pigeon Goura scheepmakeri -- ID
Victoria Crowned-Pigeon Goura victoria -- ID
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata -- TR
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Iberian) Pterocles alchata alchata -- TR
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Pin-tailed) Pterocles alchata caudacutus -- TR
Great Bustard Otis tarda -- IT, TR, MA, GB-ENG (1 Apr - 31 July)
Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax -- IT
Sunda Coucal Centropus nigrorufus -- ID
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus -- Idaho, US
Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius -- IL, PS
Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius -- PS
Nubian Nightjar Caprimulgus nubicus -- IL, PS
Nubian Nightjar (Nubian) Caprimulgus nubicus nubicus/tamaricis -- IL, PS
Nubian Nightjar (Torrid) Caprimulgus nubicus torridus -- IL, PS
Nubian Nightjar (Socotra) Caprimulgus nubicus jonesi -- IL, PS
King Rail Rallus elegans -- Ontario, Canada (year-round) and Wisconsin, US (15 May-1 Aug)
King Rail (Northern) Rallus elegant elegans -- Ontario, Canada (year-round) and Wisconsin, US (15 May-1 Aug)
King Rail (Cuban) Rallus elegans ramsdeni -- Ontario, Canada (year-round) and Wisconsin, US (15 May-1 Aug)
Black Rail Laterallus jamiacensis -- US
Black Rail (Northern) Laterallus jamiacensis jamiacensis/coturniculus -- US
Black Rail (Southern South American) Laterallus jamiacensis salinasi/murivagans-- US
Black Rail (Junin) Laterallus jamiacensis tuerosi -- US
Corn Crake Crex crex -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Watercock Gallicrex cinerea -- TW
Spotted Crake Porzana porzana -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Sarus Crane Antigone antigone -- Chhattisgarh, India
Common Crane Grus grus -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Whooping Crane Grus americana -- Wisconsin, US
Eurasian Thick-Knee Burhinus vermiculatus -- GB-ENG (1 Apr - 31 July)
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus -- GB-ENG (1 Apr - 31 July)
Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius -- Gujarat, India and Rajasthan, India (1 Nov-31 Mar)
Piping Plover Charadrius melodus -- Wisconsin, US
Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Temminck's Stint Calidiris pygmaea -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmea [CR] -- RU
Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola -- GB-SCT (1 Apr - 31 July)
Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus -- DZ, ES, GI, IT, LY, MA, PT, TN
Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda -- IN (1 Feb-30 Jun)
Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis -- IN (1 Feb-31 Jul)
Arctic Loon Gavia arctica -- GB-SCT (15 Mar - 31 Aug)
Black Stork Ciconia nigra -- IT (1 Apr - 15 Aug)
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus -- IT
Eurasian Honey-Buzzard Pernis apivorus -- GB (1 May - 20 Aug)
Black-and-chestnut Eagle Spizaetus isidori -- CO
Spanish Eagle Aquila adalberti -- PT
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos -- GB-SCT, IL, PS, and Maine, US (10 Apr-25 Sep), IT (1 Mar - 15 Aug)
Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata -- IL, IT, PS, TR
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus -- GB (1 Feb - 31 July)
Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus -- IT, GB-ENG (1 Apr - 31 July)
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis -- Wisconsin, US (1 Mar-1 Aug), and GB (1 Feb - 31 July)
Northern Goshawk (Eurasian) Accipiter gentilis [gentilis Group] -- Wisconsin, US (1 Mar-1 Aug), and GB (1 Feb - 31 July)
Northern Goshawk (American) Accipiter gentilis atricapillus/laingi -- Wisconsin, US (1 Mar-1 Aug), and GB (1 Feb - 31 July)
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla -- GB (1 Feb - 31 July)
Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius -- TW
Australasian Grass-Owl Tyto longimembris -- TW
Barn Owl Tyto alba -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Eurasian) Tyto alba [alba Group] -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Madeiran) Tyto alba schmitzi -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Canary Is.) Tyto alba gracilirostris -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (African) Tyto alba affinis -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Bioko) Tyto alba poensis -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Cape Verde) Tyto alba detorta -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Sao Tome) Tyto alba thomensis -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Boang) Tyto alba crassirostris -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Eastern) Tyto alba [delicatula Group] -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (American) Tyto alba [furcata Group] -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Curacao) Tyto alba bargei -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Lesser Antilles) Tyto alba insularis/nigrescens -- ID, CA, CN
Barn Owl (Galapagos) Tyto alba punctatissima -- ID, CA, CN
Oriental Bay-Owl Phodilus badius -- CN, ID
Sunda Scops-Owl Otus lempiji -- ID
Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo -- IT
Rock Eagle-Owl Bubo bengalensis -- IN
Brown Fish-Owl Ketupa zeylonensis -- IR, TR
Brown Fish-Owl (Eastern) Ketupa zeylonensis [zeylonensis Group] -- IR, TR
Tawny Fish-Owl Ketupa flavipes -- TW
Buffy Fish-Owl Ketupa ketupu -- ID
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium brasilianum - Arizona, US
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Ferruginous) - Glaucidium brasilianum [brasilianum Group] - Arizona, US
Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Tucuman) - - Glaucidium brasilianum tucumanum - Arizona, US
Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei -- TW
Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi -- California, US
Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (Western) Athene cunicularia hypugaea/rostrata -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (Florida) Athene cunicularia floridana -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (guadeloupensis Group) Athene cunicularia [guadeloupensis Group] -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (Andean) Athene cunicularia [tolimae Group] -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (Littoral) Athene cunicularia nanodes/juninensis -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (grallaria) Athene cunicularia grallaria -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Burrowing Owl (Southern) Athene cunicularia [cunicularia Group] -- Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, Canada
Spotted Wood-Owl Strix seloputo -- ID
Brown Wood-Owl Strix leptogrammica -- TW
Himalayan Owl Strix nivicolum -- TW
Long-eared Owl Asio otus -- GB, TW (year-round), Wisconsin, US (1 Nov-15 Apr)
Long-eared Owl (American) Asio otus wilsonianus/tuftsi -- GB, TW (year-round), Wisconsin, US (1 Nov-15 Apr)
Long-eared Owl (Eurasian) Asio otus otus/canariensis -- GB, TW (year-round), Wisconsin, US (1 Nov-15 Apr)
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus -- TW
Short-eared Owl (Northern) Asio flammeus flammeus -- TW
Short-eared Owl (Pohnpei) Asio flammeus ponapensis -- TW
Short-eared Owl (Hawaiian) Asio flammeus sandwichensis -- TW
Short-eared Owl (Antillean) Asio flammeus domingensis/portoricensis -- TW
Short-eared Owl (Galapagos) Asio flammeus galapagoensis -- TW
Short-eared Owl (South American) Asio flammeus [suinda Group] -- TW
Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus -- Wisconsin, US
Boreal Owl (Tengmalm's) Aegolius funereus [funereus Group] -- Wisconsin, US
Boreal Owl (Richardson's) Aegolius funereus richardsoni -- Wisconsin, US
Northern Boobook Ninox japonica -- TW
Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis -- Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, India
Sooty Falcon Falco concolor -- IL, PS
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus -- AD, AL, AM, AT, AZ, BG, CH, DZ, EG, EH, ES, FR, GE, GI, GR, HR, HU, IL, IT, IQ, JO, KW, LB, LY, MA, MC, ME, MK, OM, PS, PT, RO, QA, RS, SA, SI, SY, TN, TR, XK, YE
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (North American) Falco peregrinus anatum -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Tundra) Falco peregrinus calidus/tundrius -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Peale's) Falco peregrines pealei -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (South American) Falco peregrinus cassini -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Eurasian) Falco peregrinus [peregrinus Group] -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Mediterranean) Falco peregrinus -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Barbary) Falco peregrinus brookei -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Cape Verde) Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Red-capped) Falco peregrinus madens -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (African) Falco peregrinus minor -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Malagasy) Falco peregrinus radama -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Shaheen) Falco peregrinus peregrinator -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Indo-Pacific) Falco peregrinus dementi/nesiotes -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Australian ) Falco peregrinus macropus -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Peregrine Falcon (Buff-fronted) Falco peregrinus submelanogenys -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus -- ID
Tanimbar Corella Cacatua goffiniana -- ID
Philippine Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia -- PH
Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea -- ID, SG, TL
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita -- ID
Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis -- ID
White Cockatoo Cacatua alba -- ID
Pesquet's Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus -- ID
Moluccan King-Parrot Alisterus amboinensis -- ID
Buru Racquet-tail Prioniturus mada -- ID
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail Prioniturus platurus -- ID
Blue-winged Racquet-tail Prioniturus verticalis -- PH
Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail Prioniturus flavicans -- ID
Green Racquet-tail Prioniturus luconensis -- PH
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria -- VN
Gray-headed Parakeet Psittacula finschii -- VN
Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata -- VN
Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri -- VN
Black-lored Parrot Tanygnathus gramineus -- ID
Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis -- ID
Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis -- PH
Azure-rumped Parrot Tanygnathus sumatranus -- ID
Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis -- AU
Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster -- AU
Ouvea Parakeet Eunymphicus uvaeensis -- NC
Double-eyed Fig-Parrot (Coxen's) Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni -- AU
Blue-fronted Lorikeet Charmosyna toxopei -- ID
Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus -- ID
Purple-naped Lory Lorius domicella -- ID
Black-capped Lory Lorius lory -- ID
Red-and-blue Lory Eos histrio -- ID
Violet-necked Lory Eos squamata -- ID
Red Lory Eos bornea -- ID
Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata -- ID
Blue-eared Lory Eos semilarvata -- ID
Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Coconut) Trichoglossus haematodus [haematodus Group] -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Sunset) Trichoglossus haematodus [forsteni Group] -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Marigold) Trichoglossus haematodus [capistratus Group] -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Rainbow) Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Biak) Trichoglossus haematodus rosenbergii -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Leaf) Trichoglossus haematodus weberi -- ID, TL
Rainbow Lorikeet (Red-collared) Trichoglossus haematodus rubritorquis -- ID, TL
Mindanao Lorikeet Trichoglossus johnstoniae -- PH
Camiguin Hanging-Parrot Loriculus camiguinensis -- PH
Yellow-throated Hanging-Parrot Loriculus pusillus -- ID
Wallace's Hanging-Parrot Loriculus flosculus -- ID
Vinaceous-breasted Parrot Amazona vinacea [EN] -- AR
Puerto Rican Parrot Amazona vittata -- PR
Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii -- BR
Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis -- BO
Red-fronted Macaw Ara rubrogenys -- BO
Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha -- CN, TW
Hooded Butcherbird Cracticus cassicus -- ID
Crested Shrikejay Platylophus galericulatus -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike (erythronotus/caniceps) Lanius schach erythronotus/caniceps -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike (schach) Lanius schach schach -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike (tricolor/longicaudatus) Lanius schach tricolor/longicaudatus -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike (bentet) Lanius schach bentet -- ID
Long-tailed Shrike (nasutus Group) Lanius schach [nasutus Group] -- ID
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus -- Wisconsin, US (15 May-15 Aug)
Lesser Gray Shrike Lanius minor -- ES
Variable Pitohui Pitohui kirhocephalus -- ID
Variable Pitohui (Northern) Pitohui kirhocephalus [kirhocephalus Group] -- ID
Variable Pitohui (Southern) Pitohui kirhocephalus [uropygialis Group] -- ID
Variable Pitohui (Raja Ampat) Pitohui kirhocephalus cerviniventris/pallidus -- ID
Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus -- ID
Red-billed Blue-Magpie Urocissa erythroryncha -- VN
Red-billed Blue-Magpie Urocissa erythroryncha -- CN
Red-billed Blue-Magpie Urocissa erythroryncha -- MM
Common Green-Magpie Cissa chinensis -- VN
Common Green-Magpie Cissa chinensis -- CN
Common Green-Magpie Cissa chinensis -- ID
Common Green-Magpie Cissa chinensis -- MY
Indochinese Green-Magpie Cissa hypoleuca -- VN
Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia -- ID
Black Sicklebill Epimachus fastosus -- ID
Greater Hoopoe-Lark Alaemon alaudipes -- IL, PS
Greater Hoopoe-Lark (Cape Verde) Alaemon alaudipes boavistae -- IL, PS
Greater Hoopoe-Lark (Mainland) Alaemon alaudipes [alaudipes Group] -- IL, PS
Australasian Bushlark Mirafra javanica -- VN
Australasian Bushlark Mirafra javanica -- ID
Mongolian Lark Melanocorypha mongolica -- CN
Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula -- VN
Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus -- VN, TH
Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster -- ID
Ochraceous Bulbul Alophoixus ochraceus -- ID
Ochraceous Bulbul (Ochraceous) Alophoixus ochraceus [ochraceus Group] -- ID
Ochraceous Bulbul (Chestnut-vented) Alophoixus ochraceus ruficrissus/fowleri -- ID
White-spectacled Warbler Phylloscopus intermedius -- TW
Bianchi's Warbler Phylloscopus valentini -- TW
Alström's Warbler Phylloscopus soror -- TW
Chestnut-crowned Warbler Phylloscopus castaniceps -- TW
Gray's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella fasciolata -- TW
Sakhalin Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella amnicola -- TW
Pallas's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella certhiola -- TW
Pleske's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella pleskei -- TW
Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata -- TW
Arabian Warbler Sylvia leucomelaena -- IL, PS
Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata -- GB
Chestnut-flanked White-eye Zosterops erythropleurus -- VN
Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus -- ID
Large Wren-Babbler Turdinus macrodactylus -- ID
White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus -- VN
Black Laughingthrush Garrulax lugubris -- ID
Black-hooded Laughingthrush Garrulax milleti -- VN
Gray Laughingthrush Garrulax maesi -- VN
Rufous-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax castanotis -- VN
Spot-breasted Laughingthrush Garrulax merulinus -- CN, MM, TH
Orange-breasted Laughingthrush Garrulax annamensis -- VN
Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus -- VN
Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus -- CN
Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus -- LA
Moustached Laughingthrush Ianthocincla cineracea -- CN
Moustached Laughingthrush (Western) Ianthocincla cineracea cineracea/strenua -- CN
Moustached Laughingthrush (Eastern) Ianthocincla cineracea cinereiceps -- CN
Black-throated Laughingthrush Ianthocincla chinensis -- CN, HK, KH, LA, MM, MO, VN
Black-throated Laughingthrush (Black-throated) Ianthocincla chinensis [chinensis Group] -- CN, HK, KH, LA, MM, MO, VN
Black-throated Laughingthrush (Hainan) Ianthocincla chinensis monachus -- CN, HK, KH, LA, MM, MO, VN
Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush Ianthocincla mitrata -- ID
Chestnut-hooded Laughingthrush Ianthocincla treacheri -- ID
Red-tailed Laughingthrush Trochalopteron milnei -- VN
Black-headed Sibia Heterophasia desgodinsi -- VN
Black-headed Sibia (Black-headed) Heterophasia desgodinsi desgodinsi/tonkinensis -- VN
Black-headed Sibia (engelbachi/kingi) Heterophasia desgodinsi engelbachi/kingi -- VN
Black-headed Sibia (Lang Bian) Heterophasia desgodinsi robinsoni -- VN
Silver-eared Mesia Leiothrix argentauris -- VN, CN, ID
Silver-eared Mesia (Silver-eared) Leiothrix argentauris [argentauris Group] -- VN, CN, ID
Rufous-backed Sibia Minla annectens -- VN
Black-crowned Barwing Actinodura sodangorum --VN
Asian Fairy-bluebird Irena puella -- ID
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Asian) Irena puella [puella Group] -- ID
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Palawan) Irena puella tweeddalii -- ID
Oriental Magpie-Robin Copsychus saularis -- ID, MY
Oriental Magpie-Robin (Oriental) Copsychus saularis [saularis Group] -- ID, MY
Oriental Magpie-Robin (Black) Copsychus saularis [amoenus Group] -- ID, MY
Rufous-tailed Shama Copsychus pyrropygus -- ID
White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus -- VN, ID, MY
White-rumped Shama (White-rumped) Copsychus malabaricus [malabaricus Group] -- VN, ID, MY
White-rumped Shama (Barusan) Copsychus malabaricus [melanurus Group] -- VN, ID, MY
White-rumped Shama (White-crowned) Copsychus malabaricus stricklandii/barbouri -- VN, ID, MY
Hill Blue Flycatcher Cyornis banyumas -- ID
Brown-chested Jungle-Flycatcher Cyornis brunneatus -- TW
Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus -- TW
Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryx leucophris -- TW
Rufous-tailed Robin Larvivora sibilans -- TW
Japanese Robin Larvivora akahige -- TW
Ryukyu Robin Larvivora komadori -- TW
Sunda Thrush Zoothera andromedae -- ID
Rusty-backed Thrush Geokichla erythronota -- ID
Orange-headed Thrush Geokichla citrina -- VN, ID
Orange-headed Thrush (Orange-headed) Geokichla citrina [citrina Group] -- VN, ID
Orange-headed Thrush (White-throated) Geokichla citrina cyanota -- VN, ID
Orange-headed Thrush (Plain-winged) Geokichla citrina albogularis/andamanensis -- VN, ID
Orange-headed Thrush (Buff-throated) Geokichla citrina [aurimacula Group] -- VN, ID
Redwing Turdus iliacus -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Fieldfare Turdus pilaris -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis -- ID
Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa -- VN, ID, MY, TH
Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra -- ID
Asian Pied Starling (Asian) Gracupica contra [contra Group] -- ID
Javan Myna Acridotheres javanicus -- ID
Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropsis cyanopogon -- ID
Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis cochinchinensis -- ID, MY
Blue-winged Leafbird (Blue-winged) Chloropsis cochinchinensis [moluccensis Group] -- ID, MY
Blue-winged Leafbird (Javan) Chloropsis cochinchinensis cochinchinensis -- ID, MY
Bornean Leafbird Chloropsis kinabaluensis -- ID
Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons -- VN
Orange-bellied Leafbird Chloropsis hardwickii -- VN, MY
Orange-bellied Leafbird (Orange-bellied) Chloropsis hardwickii hardwickii/malayana -- VN, MY
Orange-bellied Leafbird (Grayish-crowned) Chloropsis hardwickii lazulina/melliana -- VN, MY
Van Hasselt's Sunbird Leptocoma brasiliana -- ID
Brambling Fringilla montifringilla -- GB-SCT (1 May - 31 July)
Yellow-bellied Siskin Spinus xanthogastrus -- VE
Cirl Bunting Emberiz cirlus -- GB (1 Apr - 31 July)
Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola -- CN, IN
Saffron-cowled Blackbird Xanthopsar flavus -- AR
Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii -- Ontario, Canada (20 May-15 Aug) and Wisconsin, US (year-round)
Painted Bunting Passerina ciris -- Florida, US (1 Oct-30 Apr)
Asian Golden Weaver Ploceus hypoxanthus -- VN, ID, KH
Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata -- ID, TL
Zebra Finch (Australian) Taeniopygia guttata castanotis -- ID, TL
Pin-tailed Parrotfinch Erythrura prasina -- ID
White-capped Munia Lonchura ferruginosa -- ID-JW, ID-NU
Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora -- ID